In this regard, exosomes could be an excellent biomarker for early cancer diagnosis, and the concentration of cancer-specific exosomes could be used to determine the corresponding stage of cancer 15, 16, 17. Some recent studies present evidence that exosomes secreted by cancer cells could contribute to the pathological process and even promote tumor growth, migration, invasion, and chemoresistance 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. For example, many studies show that exosomes secreted by cancer cells carry abundant information about the cells in the form of various biological molecules, such as proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA fragments 6, 7, 8, 9. Recent studies 3, 4, 5 have demonstrated that the expression profiles of exosomal nucleic acids and proteins are altered in many diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular illnesses, infectious diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and depression, demonstrating their promise as a noninvasive biomarker for early detection and diagnosis.

Exosomes transfer RNA and proteins to recipient cells, thereby facilitating cell-to-cell communication. Moreover, our method successfully detects lung cancer exosomes in serum samples of early-stage and late-stage lung cancer patients, showcasing the great potential for early cancer diagnosis.Д®xosomes, nanosized vesicles with diameters of 30вЂ“150вЂ‰nm, are released by cells during the fusion of multivesicular endosomes with plasma membranes 1, 2. Due to the micropatterned electrodes and HCR dual-amplification strategy, the micro-aptasensors achieve a linear detection response for a wide range of exosome concentrations from 2.5Г—10 3 to 1Г—10 7 exosomes/mL, with a detection limit of 5Г—10 2 exosomes/mL. By introducing anti-EpCAM aptamers, micro-aptasensors can detect cancerous exosomes with high specificity. Subsequently, the current signal that is generated through the enzyme reaction between the HRP enzyme and 3,3вЂ™,5,5вЂ™-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)/H 2O 2 directly correlates to the amount of bound HRP on the HCR products and thus to the number of target exosomes. Specifically, exosomes are enriched on CD63 aptamer-functionalized electrodes and then recognized by HCR products with avidin-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) attached using EpCAM aptamers as bridges.

In this work, we present an electrochemical micro-aptasensor for the highly sensitive detection of exosomes by integrating a micropatterned electrochemical aptasensor and a hybridization chain reaction (HCR) signal amplification method. However, most existing exosome-based analytical sensing methods struggle to achieve high sensitivity and high selectivity simultaneously. Exosomes are cell-derived nanovesicles that have recently gained popularity as potential biomarkers in liquid biopsies due to the large amounts of molecular cargo they carry, such as nucleic acids and proteins.

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